Frequently Asked Questions

A stapedectomy is a surgical procedure designed to improve hearing loss caused by otosclerosis, a condition where the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and immobile. This immobilization prevents sound vibrations from being transmitted to the inner ear, resulting in hearing loss.

After a stapedectomy, patients can expect some temporary dizziness, nausea, and discomfort, which can be managed with medication. It's important to avoid activities that may increase pressure in the ear, such as heavy lifting, bending over, or flying, for a few weeks following the surgery.

While a stapedectomy is generally safe and effective, complications may include damage to the facial nerve, changes in taste, dizziness or vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), postoperative infections, bleeding, eardrum damage, and prosthetic device failure.

The cost for kidney transplant surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

Over the past 3 decades, the survival rate of patients undergoing renal transplantation has improved considerably. Nowadays, a survival rate of 95% at 1 year and around 90% at 3–5 years is to be expected.

98.11% success rate for living donor kidney transplant. 94.88% success rate for deceased donor transplant.

A successful kidney transplant may allow you to live life like before you ever had kidney disease. Studies show that people who receive a kidney transplant, live longer than those who remain on dialysis.

High blood pressure and diabetes are the two most common causes of kidney failure. Although kidneys may become damaged from physical injury, diseases, or other disorders.

Both kidney transplants and dialysis have some advantages and disadvantages, studies show, that patients with a successful kidney transplant live longer than those treated with dialysis.

The cost for nose job surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

As long as your goals are realistic and your rhinoplasty surgeon is known for success with glowing reviews, the answer is: YES, it’s worth it to get a nose job.

A nose job isn’t as painful as you might think. Though due to that congestion and sinus pressure, some clients may report tenderness or some aches. Your surgeon will be able to give you some pain management options.

Nearly everyone who has rhinoplasty can safely leave the hospital the same day after surgery. In rare cases, you may stay in the hospital for one night if you're having a hard time with nausea or have other health problems that need to be monitored.

The normal rhinoplasty recovery time is somewhere between 6 and 8 weeks. Several activities should be avoided for all or some of this recovery period, including driving, sex, and going to the gym or other vigorous exercise.

Your overall nasal shape is formed by age 10, and your nose continues to grow slowly until about age 15 to 17 in women and about age 17 to 19 in men. As such, the typical recommendation is to wait until then for rhinoplasty.

While your nose is healing, the swelling can restrict the nasal passages, which makes if difficult to breathe through your nose. Although your nose might feel full, it’s important to remember the blockage is caused by swollen tissues rather than actual congestion or mucus.

Sometimes insurance pays for a rhinoplasty, but it depends on the insurance policy.

The cost for liver transplant surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

People who receive a liver transplant usually live for more than 10 years. Many may live for up to 20 years or more after the transplant.

Studies show that people who’ve had a liver transplant have an 89% chance of life after 1 year. For five-year survival, the rate is 75%. Although sometimes the transplanted liver may fail, or even the original disease may return.

Even if part of your liver is damaged or removed, it can keep working. But in case of liver failure (complete shutdown), you’ll need emergency treatment since you can only survive for only a day or 2.

The cost of Infertility treatment may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and surgery center or hospital fees.

Infertility is generally defined as not being able to get pregnant after one year of unprotected sex. Since fertility in women is known to decrease with age, a woman over the age of 35, should see a doctor if they haven’t become pregnant after 6 months of unprotected sex.

A most common cause of infertility is caused by problems with ovulation (the monthly release of an egg from the ovaries). While some problems stop an egg from being released, others prevent an egg from being released during some cycles but not others.

Age / Hormone issues preventing ovulation / Abnormal menstrual cycle / Obesity / Being underweight / Low body-fat content from extreme exercise / Endometriosis / Structural problems (with the Fallopian tubes, uterus or ovaries)

Since the causes of female infertility can be difficult to diagnose. Many infertile couples will go on to conceive a child without treatment.

You might want to see your doctor if you’re experiencing: - Abnormal periods: Bleeding is heavier or lighter than usual. - Irregular periods: The number of days in between each period varies each month. - No periods: You have never had a period, or periods suddenly stop. - Painful periods: Back pain, pelvic pain, and cramping may happen.

Depending on the cause, infertility can be cured through various fertility treatments, including therapies, medications, IUI or IVF procedures, and more. Many types of treatment help couples conceive and result in successful delivery.

In short: Yes. It’s certainly possible to struggle with infertility and still have a period every month.

The cost of male infertility treatment may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

There are a few methods to treat male infertility which include: surgery, treating infection, Treatments for sexual intercourse problems, Hormone treatments and medications and Assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Abnormal sperm production or function due to undescended testicles, genetic defects, health problems such as diabetes, or infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, mumps or HIV.

Not all male infertility is permanent or untreatable; it is not uncommon for men to treat infertility through one or a combination of treatments.

The cost of Lipomatic may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, way of treatment, and hospital fees.

Lipomatic is a cosmetic surgery performed at an outpatient clinic, to remove excess body fat. In one session a large amount of fat will get removed from the body.

In Liposuction, an ultrasonic sound wave will melt the fat tissue, then the fat is removed with a narrow cannula. Since the fat is melted beforehand it’s an easier process for the surgeon. In Lipomatic, the cannula cuts through whatever comes in front of it and removes it.

The cost for liposuction surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

Liposuction is a surgical procedure, using the suction technique to remove fat from specific areas of the body, such as the abdomen, hips, thighs, buttocks, arms, or neck. Liposuction – also known as lipoplasty and body contouring - also shapes (contours) these areas.

The fat cells which get removed via liposuction, are gone for good. But the fact remains that the fat cells still intact can grow larger in the future.

In actuality, most patients only lose between 2 to 5 pounds in total. Therefore, generally, the best candidates should be within 30% of a healthy weight range.

Liposuction procedures are a combination of a cannula (hollow tube) and aspirator (suctioning device) to literally suction out stubborn fat. So generally speaking, liposuction does indeed permanently remove fat cells from the body.

As long as anesthesia medications are used, liposuction surgery should be a relatively pain-free experience.

Although gaining a few pounds will not completely demolish the results of your liposuction. Keep in mind, that weight gain is still possible after body contouring surgery. Even though the area where liposuction was performed will accumulate fat slower than the untreated areas, it’s not immune.

The main difference between the two abdominal procedures is: That liposuction removes small fat deposits in the body found on the hips, thighs, bottom or stomach; while a tummy tuck removes excess fat and skin, which cannot be fixed with diet and exercise.

The cost for mammaplasty surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

Breast augmentation is a surgical procedure that not only enhances the size, shape, and projection of the breasts, but also changes how a woman feels about her body.

Because a female body isn’t fully developed till their late teen years, it's recommended teens wait until they’re at least 18 years old before undergoing breast implant surgery. Also, many girls gain weight between the ages of 18 and 21, so it’s better to wait.

The pain of recovery is so negligible that over-the-counter pain medications, such as Advil or Tylenol, are adequate to manage any discomfort felt after the surgery.

Usually, a breast implant lasts up to 10-20 years. The risk of damage due to rupture or leakage increases by 1% every year, also durability varies depending on your body and how well you take care of your implants.

The cost of Buttock Enhancement may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

The silicone-filled implants (buttock implant) are surgically places deep within the tissues of the buttock. Also for buttock augmentation with fat grafting, fat is transferred from one area of the body into the tissue of the buttocks. Which is mostly known as a Brazilian butt lift.

Yes, the cosmetic surgery is done to improve the appearance of the buttocks. During a buttock lift, excess skin and fat are removed from the buttocks.

The result of fat transfer to the buttocks is meant to be permanent. During this procedure fat cells are transferred from one are to another, which is designed to deliver long-lasting results that you can enjoy indefinitely.

The cost for blepharoplasty surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees. In total, your blepharoplasty surgery procedure in Iran will cost somewhere between 2000-4000$.

Once you hit the age 30 mark, droopy eyelids start to appear. However roughly most eyelid surgery patients are over 40, and plastic surgeons recommend one to be at least 18 years old before undergoing the procedure.

Around six weeks post-surgery, you will start to see the final result of your eyelid surgery.

An eyelid lift aims to produce significant results by tightening the skin around the eyes, removing wrinkles or puffiness, and providing a younger appearance.

The result of this surgery typically lasts anywhere between 5-7 years. Although Lower lid blepharoplasty rarely needs to be repeated, in case you notice your eyelids begin to sag again over time, you’ll benefit more from a brow lift rather than another eyelid surgery.

Aside from the mild discomfort on the day, Eyelid surgery is among the least painful cosmetic procedures. Also, the recovery is quick and you’ll see the results swiftly.

Typically, general anesthesia is not necessary for blepharoplasty, although the anesthesia used will be tailored to the patient's comfort level and the type of procedure being performed.

Since you are taking pain medication and might have blur vision, it’s necessary to have someone drive you after surgery. This is usually about 5 to 10 days after surgery. It's important to get a quiet, peaceful rest during the first 3 to 4 days after your surgery.

The cost for hair transplant surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

At first, it takes about 6 months before any significant changes are visible in hair growth. The complete results of the transplant will be visible after a year. Usually, a hair transplant will last a lifetime since healthy hair follicles are transplanted into thinning or bald areas.

Hair transplants are typically successful, but there are some factors to consider: between 10 to 80 percent of the transplanted hair will fully grow back in about three to four months. Like regular hair, the transplanted hair will thin over time.

Considering the local anesthesia and post-operative pain medications, a hair transplant is not painful. Although no surgery is completely pain-free, you may experience some levels of discomfort. In general, a hair transplant is an easy experience for those suffering from hair loss.

Since male balding usually takes till the late 20s to slow down, the best advisable age for a hair transplant is 25+. Hair transplants performed between the ages of 18 and 65 have given the most successful results.

Surgeons use high magnification to see the direction of pre-existing hair to guide the direction of implantation and to give your new hair a look as natural as possible.

Generally speaking an entire hair transplant ‘can’t fail’, but it is possible that a small percentage of the transplanted follicular units will not take root and will therefore not produce new hair growth.

Men with excessive hair loss tend to lose a lot of their hair before the age of 30, while others won't see any noticeable hair loss until they are in their late thirties and forties.

The cost for Lasik surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees. Your lasik surgery in Iran will cost you somewhere between 1800-4100$.

LASIK can last a lifetime, 20 years, or 10 years. In general, multiple factors such as the age the patient had the surgery, medical conditions they developed, and how they aged since, all may affect the lasting effects of the procedure.

Mostly, LASIK eye surgeons say the ages of 25-40 are ideal to undergo this procedure. Since by the age of 25, eyeglasses and contact lens prescriptions have most likely stabilized.

As long as you have fairly good vision, and see well enough to need contacts or glasses only part of the time, the improvement from surgery may not be worth the risks of LASIK surgery.

LASIK is a very painless procedure that takes about 10 minutes for each eye. Nowadays LASIK is one of the most common surgeries.

The cost for a perfect Hollywood smile may vary based on the patient's specific dental needs, dentists' fees, anesthesia fees, and clinic or hospital fees.

Hollywood smile is a total makeover of your smile, which involves placing dental crowns on all teeth, or at least on all visible teeth in both jaws, which means up to and including premolars. Meaning a complete prosthetic reconstruction of both jaws using caps, veneers, and, quite often, implants.

Your teeth should be: sparkling bright and white with no spots or crack lines, have little or no texture, have minimal or no translucency on the incisal edge, symmetrical in size, shape, and length

You should have no critical problems in the gum and have no general health problems.

No, this process is pain-free and if necessary, you’ll be under local anesthesia.

The cost for knee replacement surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

Recovery after a knee replacement surgery is usually six months, but keep in mind it might take you 12 months to fully return to physically demanding activities. Although it’s a hard and slow recovery, there are steps you can take to speed up the process.

There’s definitely going to be pain after the knee replacement surgery, but it shouldn’t be severe. The highest level of pain will happen during the first days after the surgery. But you will be sent home with pain medication to help ease your pain.

Knee replacement surgeries are considered major surgery, so it will only be recommended after physiotherapy or steroid injections have not reduced pain or improved mobility. In case of severe pain, swelling, and stiffness in your knee joint or reduction in your mobility, you may be offered knee replacement surgery.

In most cases, a knee replacement surgery will provide pain relief, improved mobility, and a better quality of life. After 3-6 weeks from surgery, you should be able to return to light daily activities. But a successful surgery will guarantee at least 15 years.

The cost of Gynecomastia surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

An imbalance between testosterone and estrogen hormones can cause breast tissue to grow (Gynecomastia).

Gynecomastia usually goes away without medical treatment. Your breasts will return to flat within a few months to a couple of years. But in case gynecomastia last past puberty, surgery can help reduce the size of the breasts & give you self-confidence.

The cost for a facelift (rhytidectomy) surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

A facelift, also known as rhytidectomy, is a surgical procedure that lifts and tightens these facial tissues. A facelift may involve excess skin removal, smoothing of wrinkles, and tightening facial tissue. Facelift may also be done alongside a brow or eye lift.

A stand-alone facelift procedure usually takes 2 to 4 hours but if other cosmetic procedures are done alongside it may take longer.

Following a facelift, you usually feel very little pain, but as a result of the swelling, you may experience a deep bruised sensation. Though the bandage you will wear the first night might annoy under your chin.

When people are in their 40s, 50s, and 60s and the signs of aging begin to become prevalent, it’s the best time for undergoing a facelift procedure. Deep lines, wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging skin are the result of the aging process and can be best corrected through surgical techniques rather than non-surgical ones.

A facelift is considered major surgery, since your cheeks, jaw line, and neck region are involved. You should think carefully about your specific expectations and communicate your goals to your plastic surgeon.

Usually, all stitches are removed within two weeks from the day of your surgery. Occasionally, crusting will occur around the sutures; your surgeon will soften and remove some during each office visit.

Typically known as the “Windblown Look”, is caused when your surgeon stretches the facial skin beyond a natural point, which gives your face an unnatural and pulled back look.

The cost of canthoplasty may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

As a blepharoplasty gets rid of the bags, a canthoplasty helps reshape the eyes which result in a brighter, bigger, more awake-looking eye.

Because canthoplasty procedures involve cutting and shortening, the work is typically difficult to reverse. So no, canthoplasty is a permanent procedure which corrects sagging eyelid skin or repositioning the eyes.

The cat eye lift (aka the fox eye lift), is the cosmetic surgery which creates a subtle, slightly raised wing in the outer eyelid corners.

The cost of Temple Lift may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

A temporal brow lift (aka lateral brow lift), is the process of making changes in the forehead area as well as lifting the eyebrows simultaneously. During this, by correcting the outer one-third position of the eyebrow, the eye is given an attractive look.

The fact remains that no cosmetic treatment for age-related concerns is entirely permanent, but they may last a long time. For temple lift, you could expect the result to last 10-12 years on average.

Unlike a brow lift, a lateral brow lift (aka a temporal brow lift), targets only the outer one-third of the eyebrow instead of the entire brow.

The cost of Otoplasty may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

An otoplasty surgery creates permanent changes to the ear, so if you follow the doctor’s instructions post-op, your ears should maintain their new appearance for the rest of your life.

Otoplasty offers the best result when performed on younger children (over age 5) whose ears have fully developed. Most plastic surgeons prefer otoplasty to be performed on children to minimize risk and allow for quicker healing.

Yes, otoplasty is a major surgery. Otoplasty risks include bleeding, infection and adverse reaction to anesthesia.

The cost of Cheiloplasty surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

The timing of primary cleft lip repair surgery (Cheiloplasty) generally occurs around 3 months of age.

Cheiloplasty or surgical lip restoration is the technical term for surgery of the lip usually performed by a plastic surgeon or oral and maxillofacial surgeon.

Your doctors will demonstrate how to use a specialized cleft palate bottle to feed your child. Your baby should be placed in an upright position to prevent the formula from flowing back into the nose area. You should also keep the bottle tilted so the nipple is always filled with milk and pointed down away from the cleft.

The cost of Syndactyly surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

Although also found an isolated finding, Syndactyly can be found associated with other abnormalities (eg, polydactyly, cleft hands, ring constrictions, and craniofacial syndromes).

As the fetus develops, their hands are formed in the shape of a paddle and later split into separate fingers. This happens very early, around the sixth to eighth week of pregnancy. Syndactyly happens if two or more fingers do not separate during this time.

The cost of Dental Crown may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

With proper maintenance, your dental crowns should last around 15 years. Some can even last up to 30 years.

The possible disadvantages of crowns may include: placement over areas of untreated tooth decay, discomfort due to improper fitting, and increased risk of infection.

The cost of Dental Veneer may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Depending on whether you have porcelain or composite veneers, their lifespan differs. Porcelain laminate veneers can last from 10 to 12 years. Composite resin veneers need to be replaced sooner, since they last for around 4 to 8 years.

For those seeking small alterations to their teeth, porcelain veneers are often the top choice. As they are durable & stain-resistant.

Veneers are permanent and are not meant to be removed. They usually last around 10-20 years. In case of veneer loosening, being worn out or breaking you’ll need to have it replaced.

The cost of Teeth Whitening may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, dentists' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

For those with healthy and unrestored teeth and gums, bleaching is a cost-effective dental treatment for dis-colored teeth, unlike the aggressive methods such as veneering, crowning or bonding to enhance an individual smile.

Teeth whitening process will restore your teeth to their natural color, remove stains and dinginess and your teeth will have a more natural looking color. The bleaching process will whiten your teeth beyond the natural color.

For those suffering from yellow teeth seeking for a radical change in the coloring of their teeth, professional-grade whitening is needed. During this, your cosmetic dentist can provide a treatment that penetrates deep into the enamel and removes years of stains with a powerful bleaching agent.

The cost of Dental Composite may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, dentists' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Composites are made of resin reinforced with silica or porcelain particles. Composites are used in dentistry as one of many alternatives to dental amalgams.

If composite fillings contain Bisphenol A (BPA) or other toxic materials, they may be toxic.

The main difference is that composite resin filling are tooth-colored and can match your natural teeth color, while amalgam fillings consist of various metals which give a silver appearance.

The cost of Tooth Jewelry may vary based on the dentists' fees, and clinic fees.

The lifespan of tooth jewelry is around 6 months. With proper care and maintenance, it may last longer.

Tooth jewelry, also called a tooth gem, is a rhinestone jewel that attaches to the visible surface of a front tooth.

The cost of Orthodontics may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, dentists' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Orthodontics will not only improve your looks, but also help with dental health, making them easier to clean and prevent tooth decay, gum disease and even tooth loss.

Early adolescence, or between the ages of 10 and 14, is the ideal time to get braces. This is because by this time you have all or most of your adult teeth while the jawbone tissue is still softer.

The cost for gastric bypass surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

As with any surgery, gastric bypass carries some risks. Some possible complications with this surgery may include infection, blood clots, and internal bleeding. Anastomosis is another risk, which is a new connection created in your intestines and stomach during bypass surgery that will not heal and will leak.

Internal bleeding or profuse bleeding of the surgical wound/ Perforation of stomach or intestines/ Hernia/ Leakage / Breakage / Dumping syndrome / Gallstones (risk increases with rapid or. substantial weight loss) / Pouch/anastomotic obstruction or bowel obstruction

Weight-loss surgeries aim to help you lose a significant amount of weight. A new study has confirmed that much of this weight appears to stay off for at least 10 years.

Whether you have gastric bypass, gastric sleeve, or Lap-Band surgery, there will be pain and it can be significant. As a comparison between these 3 types of surgery, gastric bypass surgery has an 8/10 pain scale, gastric sleeve surgery on 7/10, and lap band surgery 5/10 pain scale.

Weight gain after gastric bypass surgery is possible because your stomach and intestine have gone through changes that allow you to eat more and absorb more calories.

Gastric sleeve and gastric bypass, are the most effective bariatric procedures that on average, help people lose about 30% of their original body weight, and keep most of it off. Which is by far a better outcome than a regimen of diet and exercise.

The cost of abdominoplasty may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, way of treatment, and hospital fees.

Based on what result you expect from your surgery, the plan may vary. In most cases, patients return to work within 7-10 days after a tummy tuck. But to return to exercise you may need to wait 4-6 weeks. By 3-6 months post-op, patients can enjoy their permanent results.

A tummy tuck is considered a more intensive procedure than liposuction. A liposuction procedure will only remove excess fat, while a tummy tuck reconstructs the muscles of the abdomen as well as removing excess skin.

You can expect mild to moderate pain after a tummy tuck. If your pain is severe or persistent, you should tell your healthcare provider.

An abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) is a major surgery during which excess skin and fat is removed from the abdomen. This surgery can be appropriate for women who’ve had many pregnancies or anyone who has lost a lot of weight.

The cost of Brachioplasty may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, treatment, and hospital fees.

Most patients experience some pain in the first few days post-surgery. The pain of the 1-3 days after surgery can be managed by medication. Since your arms will be bandaged and wrapped after surgery, you’ll be limited in your motion and movements at first.

If you lose a lot of weight after surgery, your skin may not have the needed elasticity to spring back into place. This may lead to extra skinfolds of tissue.

Everyone heals differently but based on your skin health and overall health, you can expect your recovery to be complete in around two or three weeks.

The most common procedures to combine with an arm lift surgery would be a tummy tuck, thigh lift, or breast implant surgery.

After an arm lift surgery, you’ll need to wear a compression garment for 3-4 weeks. Deodorants should be avoided for 2 weeks. It’s also important to avoid strenuous exercise and lifting for about a month after surgery.

The cost of Thigh Lift may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

A surgery to reshape the thighs by reducing excess skin and fat, which results in a smoother skin and contoured thighs and a better-looking lower body.

Thigh lift results usually last for five to 10 years. Although one can affect the post-op results by their choices. You should also keep in mind that skin sagging is a natural side effect of the aging process.

Depending on whether you had an outer thigh lift, an inner thigh lift, or both, your recovery time may vary. Most patients need to take it easy for the first couple of weeks, and can later resume normal activities after four to six weeks.

The cost for cataract surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees. Your cataract surgery in Iran will cost you somewhere between 1200-3000$.

Cataracts mostly develop as aging or injury changes the eye’s lens tissue. In that case, the proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down, causing vision to become hazy or cloudy. Also, if you are born with genetic disorders your risk of cataracts.

Once cataract gets formed, there’s no way to cure or get rid of it besides cataract surgery. If you have cataracts, no medication can eliminate them, and no eyewear can completely counteract their effects.

Most people start getting cataracts around age 40. But your symptoms probably won't be noticeable until after age 60.

A cataract lens will last a lifetime, and most patients won’t experience any complications with their lenses after cataract surgery.

The cost for strabismus surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees. Your strabismus surgery in Iran will cost you somewhere between 1500-4000$.

If strabismus is detected and treated early on, it can often be corrected with excellent results. Also, treatments may include eyeglasses, prisms, vision therapy, or eye muscle surgery.

You may have confused these two, as many do, but crossed eye and lazy eye are not the same. Yet, both strabismus and amblyopia are treatable conditions by a vision therapy specialist.

Even though strabismus, in adults and children, does not go away on its own; all types of it are treatable. Strabismus is common and up to 5% of the population may have it.

The risk of strabismus in adults, increases with age, so even if they were born with the condition –and got corrected on its own as they matured- it can reappear when a person gets older.

The cost for glaucoma surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees. Your glaucoma surgery in Iran will cost you somewhere between 1600-5000$.

There is still no cure for glaucoma, but if it’s caught early, you can preserve your vision and prevent vision loss. But sadly since there are often no early signs, 50% of people with glaucoma don’t even know they have the disease.

Seeing halos around lights / Vision loss/ Eye redness / Whitening or haziness of the cornea / Eye pain / Patchy blind spots inside or central vision/ Tunnel vision / Severe headaches

Glaucoma happens when the optic nerve gets damaged. Blind spots start to develop in your vision as this nerve gradually deteriorates. The relation is still not fully understood by doctors, but this nerve damage is usually related to increased pressure in the eye.

If left untreated, it takes glaucoma about 10-15 years to advance from early damage to total blindness.

The cost for a dental implant may vary based on the patient's specific dental needs, dentists' fees, anesthesia fees, and clinic or hospital fees.

As long as you take good care of your new tooth with regular brushing and flossing, the implant screw can last you a lifetime. Keep in mind your regular dental check-ups every 6 months. However, the crown usually has a lifetime of 10 to 15 years before it may need a replacement.

If you’re considering a dental implant it’s important to keep in mind some risks they may cause, including: infection, damage to other teeth, delayed bone healing, nerve damage, prolonged bleeding, jaw fractures and more.

Dental implants are the best options to replace missing or damaged teeth. Since the procedure is done with general or local anesthesia, you’ll feel no pain due to your mouth being completely numb. Keep in mind, that after the numbness wears off, you might experience mild pain.

During the surgery, your dentist will place a titanium implant in your jaw bone, right below the gum. Which will usually take about 1-2 hours. After the implantation, dentists usually wait about 3 months before the final restoration of the tooth replacement.

If you are missing a tooth, dental implants are definitely worth the time and expense. Tooth loss can occur due to decay, cavities, periodontal disease, or injury. Implants will provide you with a strong foundation for permanent or removable teeth, they can also make to look like natural teeth.

Dental implants look and feel like your own teeth. Also, since they are designed to fuse with bone, they’ll become permanent.

No! Your implant-restored crown is an artificial material, so no cavities will grow there. However, you still need to have regular gum care and cleanings around the implant site just like you would for a natural tooth.

The cost of Dental Filling may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, dentists' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Since your dentist will numb the area and use a numbing gel before injecting local anesthesia, you won’t feel any pain.

Fillings are used to treat small holes or cavities in the teeth. Fixing a cavity includes removing the decayed tooth tissue and then filling the space with a filling material.

The cost of Endodontic Therapy may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, dentists' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

During endodontic treatment the inflamed or infected pulp is removed, the inside of the root canal is then cleaned and shaped, and lastly filled and sealed. Afterward, you will return to your dentist, who will place a crown or other restoration on the tooth to protect and restore it to full function.

A root canal is a part of your tooth, which is hollow within a tooth where the nerve tissue, blood vessel, and some other cells are located. While endodontic therapy is a dental procedure.

The cost of Genital Whitening may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

This cosmetic procedure uses topical creams, lasers or chemical peels to give your genital area a whiter and younger looking skin. This process is also known as a genital bleaching; which is not medically approved.

A genital lightening procedure will take around 20 minutes. Most people are recommended to undergo around 3-4 treatments every 20-30 days for optimal results.

Due to friction, sweat, or hormones, your intimate areas may have dark skin. You can avoid the darkening of the private area by keeping it moisturized and wearing clothes with a soft and breathable fabric.

The cost of Dermal Fillers may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Some dermal fillers can last for 6 to 12 months, while other dermal fillers can last 2 to 5 years.

Dermal fillers are used to reduce the signs of aging, minimizing skin depressions and scars, as well as addressing fine lines and deep wrinkles or folds in the skin of the face.

The cost of Botox may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Botox injections are shots using a toxin to prevent a muscle from moving for a limited time. Usually used to smooth wrinkles on the face, Botox can also treat neck spasms, sweating, overactive bladder, lazy eye and other conditions such as preventing migraine.

Generally, Botox lasts 3-4 months. It’s common for first-timers to notice it not lasting as long initially but after a second treatment it may last longer.

The cost of Facial may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

During a facial treatment you will have a cleanse/steam treatment, skin analysis, customized exfoliation mask, and extractions.

Not only a facial will cleanse your skin, it will aid in the clearing up of blemishes and pimples. The steaming will help open up pores, and exfoliating aids in getting rid of any gunk that may be clogging up the pores.

You are recommended to have a facial every 3-4 weeks or once a month. Due to that being the life cycle of your skin.

The cost of Scar Removal treatment may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Nowadays lasers and other light treatments are becoming the go-to treatment for all types of scars.

As your skin heals, there are marks left on it after a wound or injury which are a natural part of the healing process. Although your scars will face and become paler, they won’t completely disappear. Laser scar removal is an alternative for getting rid of your scars.

The cost of skin laser resurfacing may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

For those with blotches, scars, wrinkles, or lines, due to aging, acne or too much time in the sun, laser skin resurfacing may help with a younger and healthier skin. Laser skin resurfacing removes skin layer by layer with precision.

Depending on the nature of the treated condition, generally the area heals in 5-21 days. Once the areas have healed, makeup may be worn to camouflage the pink to red color that is generally seen after laser skin resurfacing.

Due to the relatively short treatment period, laser skin resurfacing is the best option for patients. The quick treatment involves little to no discomfort, with proven rejuvenating effects and long-lasting results.

The cost of rejuvenation may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

This process not only delays, but actually reverts aging, leading to a younger cell, tissue or body. Rejuvenation erases age-accumulated damage done in one’s life.

As the production of collagen decreases, your skin may lose structure, become dry, have less fat, and begin to appear wrinkled, loose, and saggy. But a skin rejuvenation will encourage collagen growth leading to a fuller and more youthful skin.

The full-face rejuvenation focuses on improving different areas of your face in order to achieve a natural refreshed look.

Referring to any cosmetic treatment which renews the surface appearance of the skin. Rejuvenation treatments are used for wrinkles, dark spots, scarring, and skin laxity.

The cost of Mesotherapy treatment may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Since mesotherapy nullifies the DHT hormone and controls male pattern baldness, this procedure is recommended by reputed hair experts.

The full effects of Mesotherapy can last from 12 to 18 months.

The cost of Beard Transplant may vary based on the patient's specific needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

The results of a beard transplant will last a lifetime. Your newly transplanted hair will shed within 2 weeks of the procedure, but doesn’t impact the long-term growth of your beard.

Patients should avoid shaving 7-14 days for their transplanted beard to fully recover. After 3 weeks, you can start to shave or trim your new beard. Don’t be alarmed if your new beard hair starts to shed and fall out after 2-3 weeks.

The cost of Hair Fillers may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Hair fillers are a safe approach, with realistic and therapeutic results. Containing natural ingredients, hair fillers have no negative impact on your hair or scalp.

Some of the mild side effects of hair fillers include: redness, bumps, itching, and mild bruising.

The cost of Lash Extension may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Eyelash extensions have a life span of approximately 6-8 weeks.

The semi-permanent glue used to place extensions often contains formaldehyde. This ingredient can cause allergic reactions in some people. In case of consistent appliance, natural eyelash loss and permanent damage to follicles may occur.

The cost of Brow Transplant treatment may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Since the FUE technique is used eyebrow transplant, this procedure lasts a lifetime. Patients will be able to see the final result at around 10 months.

Yes, eyebrow transplants are an alternative procedure which can help improve the fullness of your eyebrows.

The cost of Carboxytherapy may vary based on the patient's specific needs, doctors' fees, and clinic fees.

Studies have found carboxytherapy to be safe and effective when used to treat cellulite.

Averagely, the results of Carboxytherapy last for 5-6 months. After the initial session, patients will need treatments twice a year to maintain their results.

There are no known risks associated with carboxytherapy.

The cost of Laser Hair Removal treatment may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Laser hair removal doesn’t guarantee permanent hair removal, but most people experience hair removal that lasts several months. When hair regrows, it's usually finer and lighter in color. You might need maintenance laser treatments for long-term hair reduction.

Between laser and waxing, laser is a better choice, since it’s a long-term solution to the problem and has a much less painful process. Laser hair removal also eliminates the problem of ingrown hairs, as it completely destroys the hair follicle.

PDA is a heart defect found in the days or weeks after birth. This occurs when a normal fetal connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery does not close as it should after birth. Usually PDA happens in premature infants.

In order to reach the child’s heart and repair the open duct, the surgeon will make a small cut between the ribs. Afterwards, your child will remain in the hospital for several days for observation. It usually takes a few weeks for a child to fully recover from heart surgery.

A large PDA is dangerous. PDA which is most common in premature infants, will cause uncontrolled blood flow to the lungs, leading to problems with the lungs and heart.

In most infants, the ductus arteriosus remains open for a short period after birth, and is eventually closed by 8 weeks of age. If the vessel remains open after birth it is called a patent ductus arteriosus.

The common belief was that most single ventricle hearts will not work well after 30 to 40 years, but due to improvements in surgical techniques and medical care, this age may increase.

Single ventricle defects are rare, affecting only about five out of 100,000 newborns. Also, this is one of the most complex heart problems, which usually requires at least one surgery.

Rarely, a baby with a single ventricle defect will have "just right" flow into the lungs. Meaning that equal amount of blood will flow to the body and lungs. In those cases the baby will not need intervention in the newborn period.

It seems those with a family history of the disorder or who have certain autoimmune diseases are more likely to get vitiligo. These diseases include: Addison's disease / Pernicious anemia / Psoriasis / Rheumatoid arthritis / Systemic lupus erythematosus / Thyroid disease / Type 1 diabetes

Vitiligo occurs when there’s a lack of pigment called melanin in the skin. Your skin cells (melanocytes) produce melanin, which gives your skin its color. In vitiligo, there are not enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin in your skin.

Vitiligo does not pose a serious threat to one's health, but it can result in physical complications, such as eye issues, hearing problems, and sunburn. Those with vitiligo usually tend to have another autoimmune disease (like thyroid disorders and some types of anemia).

There is no cure for vitiligo. The treatment is done with the goal of creating a uniform skin tone by either restoring color or eliminating the remaining color. Common treatments include camouflage therapy, repigmentation therapy, light therapy and surgery.

The cost for thyroidectomy surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

If the entire thyroid is removed, thyroid hormone will no longer be made in your body. If not replaced, you’ll show signs of underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). So, you’ll be prescribed a pill containing the synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine which you’ll need to take daily.

A recurrent goiter is the regrowth of thyroid tissues after thyroidectomy. Which may occur after surgery for benign disease or malignancy of the thyroid.

Thyroidectomy refers to the treatment of a variety of conditions of the thyroid gland. A thyroidectomy is a common but major surgery with serious risks and potential complications.

You should make an appointment with your doctor if you’re experiencing any of the following symptoms: any part of your neck becoming red, tender, or swollen, your voice becoming hoarse, husky, or weak, you experience numbness around your mouth, tingling in your extremities, or spasms in your feet, hands or face.

The cost for hemorrhoid removal surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

Hemorrhoidectomy or hemorrhoid surgery is a procedure performed under general or spinal anesthesia. So patients don’t feel pain and they are also given a long-acting local anesthetic right before they wake up to provide up to 12 hours of pain relief following the surgery.

This surgery is performed to remove hemorrhoids – internal or external-. Usually, surgery is not the treatment option but if others fail, hemorrhoidectomy is a safe, effective treatment that doesn't just make hemorrhoids easier to live with; yet gets rid of them altogether.

Nowadays banding is the most common non-surgical hemorrhoid removal treatment. During this, a rubber band gets placed around the base of symptomatic hemorrhoid to stop blood flow to the tissue. Then usually during a bowel movement, dried-up hemorrhoid falls off on its in a week or two.

Usually, recovery takes about 2 weeks, since it’s a highly sensitive spot and you may have gotten stitches. Although it may even take 3-6 weeks before you’re back to normal life.

The cost of Mastectomy surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

A mastectomy surgery removes all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. For those with early-stage breast cancer, a mastectomy may be one treatment option.

Mastectomy is considered a major surgery.

The cost of Polydactyly surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

Polydactyly is usually treated in early childhood with the removal of the extra finger or toe.

Polydactyly is often associated with Down syndrome, trisomy 13, Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome, Apert syndrome, and tibial hemimelia.

Although this condition is not life-threatening, in most cases parents it treated in order to allow their child to live as normal a life as possible.

The cost of Tendon Transfer surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

During a tendon transfer, a working muscle and tendon are moved to replace a non-working muscle and tendon.

While a tendon transfer requires more extensive dissection and rehabilitation, a nerve transfer is more targeted.

The cost of Erb's Palsy surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

This condition is characterized by arm weakness and loss of motion. Erb’s palsy can occur in both infants and adults. In most newborns with this condition, physical injury during birth or traumatic force downward on the upper arm and shoulder can cause damage to the brachial plexus.

Erb's palsy results from injury to nerve roots C5 and C6. The classical sign of Erb's palsy is the arm hanging limply from the shoulder with internal rotation of the forearm plus wrist and finger flexion.

The cost of Radial Nerve Repair surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

Following injury, Radial nerve palsy may last up to 21 months. 6 months is the average time to full recovery.

A radial nerve surgery could help relieve pain and symptoms in 67-93% of patients.

The cost of Carpal Tunnel Release surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

With an incision on the base of the palm of the hand, the transverse carpal ligament is cut, releasing pressure on the median nerve.

The cost of a cochlear implant may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, way of treatment, and hospital fees.

The risks of cochlear implant surgery are quite rare, which include: bleeding, infection, device malfunction, facial nerve weakness, ringing in the ear, dizziness, and poor hearing result. One long-term risk of a cochlear implant is meningitis (infection of the fluid around the brain).

Cochlear implants allow deaf people to receive and process sounds and speech. But you should keep in mind, that these devices won’t restore normal hearing, they are just tools that allow sound and speech to be processed and sent to the brain.

A cochlear implant procedure is considered a minimally invasive surgery.

The cost of Tympanoplasty surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

A tympanoplasty is a procedure to repair a perforated eardrum, as well as remove middle ear masses and improve hearing.

No tympanoplasty is a minor procedure. For adults this procedure is performed in an office and for children, it’s done under anesthesia.

The risks of a tympanoplasty include hearing loss, facial nerve injury, decreased sense of taste, and persistent dizziness or tinnitus.

The cost for open-heart surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

As one may have suspected, open-heart surgery is a major surgical procedure. As with any surgery, there are risks and these risks may be greater if you have health problems such as diabetes or obesity.

In case during your surgery your sternum is divided, after 6-8 weeks it will be about 80% healed. By then you’ll be strong enough to get back to normal life or even driving, you may also be able to go back to work unless your job is physically strenuous.

You’ll need to stay in a hospital for 4-5 days post-surgery. Once you get back home, it usually takes about 6-8 weeks for full breastbone and chest muscle to heal. You may then slowly get back to your normal daily life.

In general, open-heart surgery is not painful. But afterwards it will feel uncomfortable when you cough, laugh or sneeze, until you reach full recovery.

The cost for angioplasty surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

30 minutes to 2hours is expected for coronary angioplasty, although it can take longer. For this procedure, you’ll lay on your back on an X-ray table, while linked up to a heart monitor and given a local anesthetic to numb your skin.

Angioplasty is not considered major surgery. Usually, the patient is under conscious or moderate sedation in a cardiovascular catheterization laboratory. Angioplasty is done by threading a thin tube, called a catheter, through a small puncture in a leg or arm artery.

During this procedure, you may feel pressure where the catheter is inserted. Also, as the balloon is inflated and your artery is stretched, mild discomfort is expected. But overall there shouldn’t be any sharp pain felt during this procedure.

An obstetrician specializes in pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. A gynecologist, on the other hand, focuses on the health of the female reproductive system, diagnosing and treating conditions such as menstrual disorders, infections, and reproductive health issues.

It is recommended to have your first gynecologic visit between the ages of 13 and 15. Regular visits should continue throughout a woman's life to monitor reproductive health, screen for cancers, and address any concerns related to menstruation, contraception, and menopause.

Obstetricians treat conditions related to pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and ectopic pregnancies.

Gynecologists treat a wide range of conditions affecting the female reproductive system, including endometriosis, ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and gynecologic cancers.

The cost of a urologist may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Urology focuses on the conditions that affect the urinary tract in men, women and children, as well as diseases affecting the reproductive system. Which may be from peeing too much or being unable to father a child.

Urologists can treat bladder problems, urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder and kidney cancer, kidney blockage, and kidney stones.

You may want to get an appointment if you are experiencing: Blood in your urine, Pain when you urinate, Changes in urinary pattern, Frequent need to urinate, Inability to urinate, Weak or hesitant urinary stream, Incontinence (difficulty holding urine or leaking), Pain in the lower abdomen.

The cost of a lithotripsy procedure may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, way of treatment, and hospital fees.

The lithotripsy procedure takes about 45-60 minutes. You’ll be given local, regional or general anesthesia so you don’t experience pain. Afterward, stone debris will be removed from your kidneys or ureter.

Most people can resume daily activities within 1-2 days. You won’t be given a special diet but drinking plenty of water will help with the passage of stone fragments. You may experience some pain as you are passing the fragments, which begins soon after treatment and may last for up to 4-8 weeks.

Shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat kidney stones larger than 5mm (in diameter) which can’t be passed on their own and block urine flow.

Passing of the stone pieces which may take 4-8 weeks, may cause pain and nausea.

The cost for dialysis treatment may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, way of treatment, and hospital fees.

Your survival rate on dialysis may vary based on your overall medical condition and how well the treatment works for you. The average life expectancy on dialysis is 5-10 years, but, many patients have lived well on dialysis for 20, even 30 years.

Dialysis has 3 main types: in-center hemodialysis, home hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis. Each type of dialysis has its pros and cons, but you don’t need to feel locked into any of them, since you can always change your dialysis treatment.

Dialysis is the treatment for failing kidneys. When the kidneys fail, they won’t filter blood the way they should. This results in wastes and toxins building up in the bloodstream. Dialysis will do the work of your kidneys, by removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood.

In some cases, kidneys may start working again within several weeks or months after the cause of acute kidney failure has been treated. But keep in mind, that dialysis is needed until then.

The cost of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) treatment may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

HPV refers to a group of more than 200 viruses, that may spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The sexually transmitted HPVs are either low-risk or high-risk.

Although the virus can’t be treated, there are treatments available for the problems the HPV can cause. Genital warts can be treated by your healthcare provider or with prescription medication. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number.

The HPV virus can cause cervical and other cancers, such as cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It may take years or even decades for cancer to develop after a person gets HPV.

The cost of a bone marrow transplant may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, way of treatment, and hospital fees.

Bone marrow transplant has serious risks. Patients may suffer life-threatening problems as a result of their transplant. Problems can include serious infection, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). A GVHD is when transplanted cells attack the patient’s body.

During a bone marrow donation, a small incision is made, through which a wide bore needle is inserted into the bone marrow and stem cells are collected in syringes. You may experience pain after the anesthesia wears off.

Bone marrow transplant doesn’t involve major surgery. It’s mostly performed similar to a blood transfusion.

If you have an autologous stem cell transplant you’ll need to be in the hospital for about 3 weeks, and 4 weeks if you are having an allogeneic stem cell transplant.

The cost for leukemia treatment may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and chemo therapy or hospital fees.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects your blood cells and bone marrow. A with many cancers there’s currently no cure for leukemia. Some patients with leukemia experience remission, a state after diagnosis and treatment in which the cancer is no longer detected in the body.

Statically, the 5 year survival rate after leukemia diagnosis is 61.4%. This cancer is most common in those over 55 years old.

The cause of leukemia is yet to be determined, but scientists believe it to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors, which may cause mutations in the cells that make up the bone marrow. These mutations, known as leukemic changes, cause the cells to grow and divide very rapidly.

Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Fever or night sweats, Bruising or bleeding, Bone/joint pain & Repeated infections.

The cost of Skin Cancer treatment may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and hospital fees.

You should visit a dermatologist in case you are experiencing any of these signs: a new spot on the skin –changes in the size, shape, or color of an existing spot – a spot that is itchy or painful – non-healing sore that bleeds or develops a crust – a red colored shiny bump on the top of the skin – a red rough or scaly spot that you can feel.

At first, you may notice a rash or irregular patch on the surface of your skin. As your cancer grows, the size or shape of the visible skin mass may change, as well as grow deeper and bleed easily.

The cost for lumbar discectomy surgery may vary based on the patient's specific surgical needs, surgeons' fees, and anesthesia and surgery center or hospital fees.

Discectomy is a common but major surgery with significant risks and potential complications.

Normally it will take you 4-6 weeks to fully recover from a lumbar discectomy, although you make feel back to normal well before that time.

Pain and fatigue are typically severe during the first few days after a lumbar micro-discectomy. So it’s very important to have someone there to help you around the house during the initial days at home.

Lumbar discectomy is a surgery performed to fix a disc in the lower back. During which smaller cuts are made than an open lumbar discectomy.

The cost of Epilepsy treatment may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Reduction in life expectancy can be up to 2 years for people with a diagnosis of idiopathic/cryptogenic epilepsy, and the reduction can be up to 10 years in people with symptomatic epilepsy. Reductions in life expectancy are highest at the time of diagnosis and diminish with time.

Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs, Loss of consciousness or awareness, Psychic symptoms—out-of-body feelings or not feeling “in the moment” Memory lapses.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to check for unusual electrical activity in the brain that can happen in people with epilepsy. This test uses small sensors attached to your scalp to pick up the electrical signals produced when brain cells send messages to each other.

The cost of brain surgery may vary based on the patient's specific treatment needs, surgeons' fees, and way of treatment and clinic fees.

Yes! brain surgery is a major operation and it’s not suitable for everyone. In some cases, tumors grow in area of the brain which are difficult to operate on, such as the brain stem.

For some, recovery may take some time, but others may experience a longer and difficult recovery. The problems you may have depends on the area of the brain where the tumor was (or still is if you only had part of the tumor removed).

Due to brain surgery being a major surgery, it carries extra risk.

Lung surgery is often necessary for treating conditions such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, recurrent infections like bronchiectasis, and pleural diseases such as empyema and pleural thickening.

Lung surgery carries several potential risks, including infection, bleeding, blood clots, respiratory complications like pneumonia or reduced lung function, pain, air leaks, heart problems, and nerve damage.

Recovery time varies depending on the type of lung surgery and the patient’s overall health. Patients may experience pain, swelling, and difficulty breathing initially.

Labiaplasty is a surgical procedure that involves modifying the labia minora (inner lips) and/or the labia majora (outer lips) for cosmetic reasons or to alleviate discomfort.

It's often performed when the labia are too long, causing irritation or pain during activities such as exercise, sexual intercourse, or even daily movements.

Good candidates for labiaplasty are individuals who are in good health and have realistic expectations about the outcomes of the surgery. It's not medically necessary for most people, but it may be considered if the labia cause physical discomfort or if there's a desire for aesthetic changes.

Double chin suction, also known as submental liposuction, is a cosmetic procedure aimed at removing excess fat from beneath the chin to improve the contour of the neck and jawline.

Recovery time can vary, but most patients can return to work and normal activities within a few days after the procedure. Swelling and bruising are common and typically subside within a few weeks.

The results of double chin suction can be long-lasting, provided that the patient maintains a stable weight. The fat cells removed during the procedure are gone permanently; however, significant weight gain can cause remaining fat cells to enlarge, potentially altering the results.

Tattoo removal procedures involve various methods. The most common one is laser removal, where a laser breaks down tattoo ink into small particles that the body eventually eliminates.

Laser treatment breaks down tattoo ink, but success varies. Dark-colored tattoos respond best, while green, red, and yellow ink can be challenging to remove. White ink is especially difficult due to oxidation. Multiple sessions are usually needed, and some scarring may occur.

While laser removal is generally safe, it doesn't always work perfectly. Dermabrasion and ablation are other options, but they're less common.

A thread lift is a minimally invasive cosmetic procedure that uses temporary, absorbable sutures to lift and tighten the skin.

Unlike a traditional facelift, which involves incisions and removal of excess skin, a thread lift simply repositions the existing skin. This means it has a shorter recovery time and is less invasive, making it suitable for those with mild to moderate skin laxity who are not ready for a full facelift.

The results of a thread lift can last anywhere from one to three years, depending on the individual's skin condition, age, and lifestyle. The threads used in the procedure are absorbable and will dissolve over time, but they stimulate collagen production, which helps maintain the skin's structure and firmness even after the threads have been absorbed.

IVF is a fertility treatment where eggs are retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish. The resulting embryos are then transferred into the uterus to achieve pregnancy.

IVF is recommended for couples facing infertility due to various reasons, such as blocked fallopian tubes, male factor infertility, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility. It's also an option for single individuals or same-sex couples.

Success rates vary based on factors like age, overall health, and the clinic's expertise. Generally, younger women have higher success rates. In Iran, the success rate per IVF cycle is around 30% to 40%, but this can vary.

During IUI, specially prepared sperm are placed directly into the uterus during ovulation. This helps healthy sperm get closer to the egg, increasing the chances of pregnancy.

IUI is used for various reasons, including cervical mucus problems, low sperm count, and using donor sperm. It's also an option for same-sex female couples or individuals who wish to conceive without a partner.

Success rates vary based on factors like age and overall health. Generally, IUI success rates range from 10% to 20% per cycle for those under 35. Comparatively, IVF offers higher success rates but is more expensive.

ICSI involves injecting a single live sperm directly into the center of a human egg. It's used to achieve fertilization for couples with severe male factor infertility or those who have previously failed IVF attempts.

ICSI is most helpful for people experiencing male infertility due to low sperm count, poor sperm quality, blockages, or other issues.

Approximately 6 in 10 IVF procedures use ICSI. The chances of successful pregnancy are similar to traditional IVF, with an estimated 50% to 80% of ICSI attempts resulting in fertilization.

Fertility restoration surgery aims to restore reproductive function in individuals who have undergone procedures like tubal ligation or vasectomy. It involves reversing these procedures to allow natural conception.

Candidates typically include those who regret their previous sterilization and desire to conceive. Factors such as age, overall health, and the type of initial sterilization play a role in determining eligibility.

Generally, tubal ligation reversal success rates range from 40% to 90%, while vasectomy reversal success rates are around 50% to 70%. Consult with a specialist to assess your specific case.

To become an egg donor, you typically need to be between the ages of 21 and 31, have a healthy body mass index (BMI) within the range of 19 to 29, have regular menstrual cycles, be in good physical and psychological health, have no significant genetic disorders or inheritable conditions in your family history, be a non-smoker and free from substance abuse, and be willing to undergo medical and psychological evaluations and commit to the time required for the donation process.

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS), ovarian torsion, effects from medications, as well as risks from the egg retrieval procedure.

The egg donation process involves several steps: Screening and Selection, Ovarian Stimulation, Egg Retrieval, and finally Fertilization and Transfer.

TESE is a surgical procedure where a small tissue sample is taken from the testicle to retrieve viable sperm. It's commonly used for male infertility, especially in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia.

Men with non-obstructive azoospermia (low or absent sperm count in semen) benefit from TESE. It's also recommended for cancer patients who want to preserve fertility before undergoing treatments that may affect sperm production.

TESE increases the chance of fatherhood by directly retrieving viable sperm. It ensures high-quality sperm for successful IVF and minimizes damage to reproductive organs.

Generally, healthy men between the ages of 18 and 45 can become sperm donors. However, specific requirements vary by country and clinic. Donors undergo thorough medical, genetic, and psychological screenings to ensure their suitability.

It depends on the country and clinic. Some allow anonymous donation, while others require disclosure of donor identity. Recipients can choose based on their preferences.

Legal aspects differ globally. In some places, using a registered donor ensures legal parenthood for the recipient. Private arrangements may have varying legal implications.

Antibiotics are the primary treatment for UTIs. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin.

Most uncomplicated UTIs require a short course of antibiotics (usually 3 to 7 days). However, the duration may vary based on individual factors. It's essential to complete the full course of antibiotics even if symptoms improve earlier.

Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water. Avoid irritants like caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods. Urinate frequently to flush out bacteria. Applying a warm compress to the lower abdomen can provide relief from discomfort.

Ureteroscopy, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), & Medication.

To prevent kidney stones, you can Stay Hydrated, make Dietary Changes, use prescribed preventative Medications, as well as having Regular Check-ups.

The symptoms of kidney stones can include Severe Pain, Blood in Urine, Frequent Urination, Nausea and Vomiting as well as Fever and Chills.

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP), Radical prostatectomy, Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted prostatectomy, and Laser surgeries.

Prostate surgery carries several potential risks and side effects, including urinary incontinence, where the patient may experience leakage of urine, and erectile dysfunction due to nerve damage. Other risks include infections, bleeding, blood clots, and scarring.

For minimally invasive surgeries, such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted prostatectomy, patients can usually return home within a few days and resume normal activities within a few weeks. Open surgeries may require a longer hospital stay and several weeks of recovery time.

Physical Causes (diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and hormonal imbalances), Psychological Causes (Stress, anxiety, depression, and relationship issues), Lifestyle Factors (Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, and poor diet), and certain medications for high blood pressure, depression, and other conditions can cause ED as a side effect.

Diagnosing erectile dysfunction typically involves several steps: Medical History, Physical Examination, Blood Tests, as well as additional tests, such as ultrasound or nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) testing, may be used to assess blood flow and nerve function in the penis.

Yes, lifestyle changes can significantly improve erectile dysfunction. Some effective changes include Healthy Diet, Regular Exercise, Quit Smoking, Limit Alcohol, and Managing Stress.

An enlarged prostate, often causes urinary symptoms such as increased frequency of urination, especially at night (nocturia), a sense of urgency to urinate, difficulty starting urination, a weak or interrupted urine stream, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying.

The exact cause of prostate enlargement is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to changes in the balance of sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, may contribute to prostate growth.

Treatment options for an enlarged prostate, or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), include lifestyle changes, medications, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery.

Testicular surgery is often necessary for treating conditions such as testicular cancer, testicular torsion, undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), hydrocele (fluid accumulation around the testicle), and varicoceles (enlarged veins in the scrotum).

While testicular surgery is generally safe, potential risks include infection, swelling (edema), chronic pain, bleeding, blood clots, scarring, damage to surrounding structures, and infertility.

Most patients can expect some swelling and discomfort for a few weeks post-surgery. Full recovery and a return to normal activities usually occur within several weeks, although it may take longer for some patients.

A vasectomy is a minor surgical procedure that provides permanent contraception for men by preventing sperm from reaching the semen that is ejaculated during orgasm.

While vasectomy is generally safe, common short-term side effects include pain, swelling, and bruising in the scrotal area.

Recovery from a vasectomy is usually quick, with most men able to return to light activities within a couple of days. However, strenuous activities and sexual intercourse should be avoided for at least a week.

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. These drugs work by targeting rapidly dividing cells, which include cancer cells.

Chemotherapy can cause a range of side effects because it affects not only cancer cells but also healthy cells that divide rapidly. Common side effects include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection.

Preparing for chemotherapy involves several important steps to ensure you are physically and emotionally ready for the treatment. Start by consulting with your healthcare team to understand your treatment plan and what to expect.

Radiation therapy is a medical treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

It works by damaging the DNA within cancer cells, preventing them from growing and dividing. Over time, the damaged cancer cells die and are naturally eliminated by the body.

The side effects of radiation therapy can vary depending on the area being treated and the dose of radiation used. Common side effects include fatigue, skin irritation (such as redness, dryness, or peeling), and hair loss at the treatment site. Other side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite if the abdomen or pelvis is treated.

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer.

Immunotherapy can be used to treat various types of cancer, including melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and certain types of lymphoma.

Common side effects of immunotherapy can include fatigue, skin reactions (such as redness, blistering, or rash), flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, and muscle aches), and gastrointestinal issues (nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea).

Chemical peels come in three main types: superficial, medium, and deep.

A Superficial peel has minimal downtime, with slight redness and peeling for a few days. Medium peels have Redness, swelling, and peeling for several days to a week. The skin may feel sensitive and require gentle care. Deep peels have longer recovery period, with redness, swelling, and peeling lasting several weeks. The skin may remain red for up to three months.

Yes, chemical peels can have side effects, which vary depending on the depth of the peel and individual skin type. Common side effects include redness, dryness, and peeling. More pronounced side effects, such as swelling, blistering, and changes in skin color, can occur with medium and deep peels.

A cornea transplant, also known as keratoplasty, is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced with healthy donor tissue.

While cornea transplants are generally successful, they do carry some risks and potential complications. These include graft rejection, where the recipient's immune system attacks the donor cornea, leading to symptoms like redness, sensitivity to light, decreased vision, and pain.

Recovery after a cornea transplant involves several stages. Initially, the eye is covered with a protective shield or patch, and patients are prescribed eye drops to prevent infection and control inflammation.

DCR is a surgical procedure designed to treat blocked tear ducts, which can cause excessive tearing, recurrent eye infections, and discomfort.

There are two main techniques for performing DCR surgery; External DCR & Endoscopic DCR.

Recovery from DCR surgery usually involves a short hospital stay, often just one day. Patients may experience some swelling, bruising, and discomfort around the surgical site, which can be managed with prescribed medications. The recovery period typically lasts about 10 to 14 days.

Keratopigmentation, Laser Pigment Removal, and Iris Implant Surgery.

Eye color change surgeries come with several risks, including Dry Eye, Increased Sensitivity to Light, Allergic Reactions and Complications from Implants.

The recovery time can vary depending on the type of surgery. Keratopigmentation has a relatively quick recovery, while Laser Pigment Removal takes a few weeks to recover, and following an Iris Implant Surgery patients may need several weeks to months to fully recover.

A chin implant, also known as genioplasty, is a cosmetic surgical procedure designed to enhance the size and shape of the chin.

Chin implants are typically made from biocompatible materials such as silicone, Gore-Tex, or Medpor, which are safe for long-term use in the body.

Like any surgical procedure, chin implant surgery carries some risks, including infection, implant shifting, and adverse reactions to anesthesia.

Typically, candidates are individuals experiencing signs of aging in the upper face, such as sagging brows, deep horizontal lines across the forehead, and furrows between the eyebrows.

There are several types of brow lift procedures, each tailored to address specific concerns. The most common methods include the endoscopic brow lift, the coronal brow lift, and the temporal brow lift.

Recovery may differ depending on the technique used but generally, patients can expect some swelling and bruising around the forehead and eyes, which typically subsides within a week or two.

A neck lift, also known as a platysmaplasty, is a cosmetic surgical procedure designed to improve the appearance of the neck and jawline.

Good candidates for a neck lift are individuals who are in good overall health and have realistic expectations about the outcomes of the surgery. Ideal candidates often have visible signs of aging in the neck area, such as sagging skin, excess fat, and muscle laxity.

Recovery from a neck lift typically involves some downtime, with most patients experiencing swelling and bruising for the first few weeks. Patients are usually advised to wear a compression garment to support the neck and minimize swelling.

Gender reassignment surgery includes a variety of procedures that help align an individual's physical appearance with their gender identity.

For transmasculine individuals, this might involve top surgery (mastectomy), bottom surgery (phalloplasty or metoidioplasty), and sometimes hysterectomy. For transfeminine individuals, it can include breast augmentation, vaginoplasty, and facial feminization surgery.

Like any major surgery, gender reassignment surgery carries risks. These can include surgical complications such as infection, bleeding, and poor wound healing. Specific risks depend on the type of surgery performed.

Penile enlargement surgery can involve various techniques, including ligament release, fat transfer, grafting, and penile implants.

These can include infection, scarring, loss of sensation, erectile dysfunction, and dissatisfaction with the results.

Generally, patients are advised to avoid strenuous activities, heavy lifting, and sexual activity for several weeks. Pain and swelling are common in the initial days, and following postoperative care instructions is crucial for a smooth recovery.

Buccal fat removal is a cosmetic procedure that involves the surgical removal of the buccal fat pads from the cheeks to create a slimmer and more contoured facial appearance.

The surgery is performed through small incisions made inside the mouth, ensuring no visible external scars. The surgeon carefully removes the buccal fat pads, taking care to achieve a balanced and symmetrical result.

Good candidates for buccal fat removal are generally healthy adults who are bothered by the appearance of fuller cheeks and desire a more defined facial structure. Ideal candidates should have a stable weight, good skin elasticity, and realistic expectations about the outcome of the procedure.

Stem cell transplants involve replacing damaged or diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells. These transplants can be autologous (using the patient's own stem cells) or allogeneic (using stem cells from a donor).

Good candidates for stem cell transplants include patients with blood cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. It's also used for those with severe aplastic anemia, genetic blood disorders like sickle cell disease, and certain immune deficiencies.

While both procedures aim to replace damaged or diseased cells with healthy ones, the primary difference lies in the source of the stem cells used. Peripheral blood stem cell transplants are often preferred for their quicker engraftment times and ease of harvesting. Bone marrow transplants may still be chosen in cases where specific types of stem cells are required or based on the patient's and doctor's preference.

Candidates for a combined liver-kidney transplant are typically individuals suffering from severe, concurrent diseases of both the liver and kidneys.

The primary benefit of a combined liver-kidney transplant is the potential for improved survival rates and quality of life by addressing both organ failures simultaneously. This approach can streamline recovery and reduce the overall physical and emotional burden on the patient.

After the surgery, the patient is closely monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU) for signs of complications such as organ rejection or infection. The patient will receive immunosuppressive medications to prevent their immune system from attacking the new organs.

Patients with severe, end-stage lung diseases that do not respond to other treatments may be candidates for a lung transplant. Common conditions include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Lung transplant surgery carries several risks, including organ rejection, where the recipient's immune system attacks the new lung. To prevent this, patients must take lifelong immunosuppressive medications, which can increase susceptibility to infections.

Life after a lung transplant can be transformative, offering improved lung function and a better quality of life. However, it requires strict adherence to medication regimens, regular follow-up appointments, and a commitment to a healthy lifestyle.

Not all types of cancer can be treated with the same level of effectiveness, and the potential for successful treatment varies widely depending on the type of cancer, its stage at diagnosis, and individual patient factors.

Cancer is diagnosed using a combination of medical history review, physical examinations, imaging tests, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Each diagnostic method helps to determine the presence, type, and stage of cancer.

Cancer treatment varies depending on the type and stage of the disease. The main treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and stem cell transplants.

A body lift is a surgical procedure designed to remove excess skin and fat from areas such as the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, and lower back, resulting in a more contoured and toned appearance.

This procedure is particularly beneficial for individuals who have experienced significant weight loss, often through bariatric surgery or lifestyle changes, and are left with loose, sagging skin.

As with any surgical procedure, a body lift carries potential risks and complications. These can include infection, scarring, delayed wound healing, seroma (fluid accumulation), hematoma (blood accumulation), nerve damage, and adverse reactions to anesthesia.

Dental bonding is a cosmetic dental procedure where a tooth-colored composite resin is applied to the surface of a tooth, then shaped, molded, and hardened with a special light.

This procedure can address various dental imperfections, including chips, cracks, discoloration, gaps between teeth, and minor shape or size adjustments.

Dental bonding can last several years, typically between 3 to 10 years, depending on the location of the bonding, oral hygiene, and personal habits.

PRP therapy is versatile and can be used to treat a variety of conditions. It is commonly used in orthopedics to treat joint pain, tendon injuries, and acute injuries like ligament sprains and muscle tears.

PRP therapy is generally considered safe because it uses the patient’s own blood, reducing the risk of allergic reactions and infections.

The number of PRP sessions required varies depending on the condition being treated and the individual’s response to therapy.

The most common joint replacement surgeries are hip and knee replacements, but shoulder, elbow, ankle, wrist, finger, and toe replacements are also performed.

These include infection at the surgical site, blood clots (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism), nerve or blood vessel damage, implant loosening or wear, dislocation of the artificial joint, and allergic reactions to the implant materials.

Recovery time from joint replacement surgery varies depending on the type of joint replaced and the individual patient's health and circumstances. Generally, patients can expect to stay in the hospital for a few days after the surgery.

Hip arthroplasty, also known as hip replacement surgery, involves replacing a damaged or diseased hip joint with an artificial implant to relieve pain and restore function.

It is typically performed to treat conditions such as severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, or significant hip fractures.

These include infection at the surgical site, blood clots (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism), implant loosening or wear, dislocation of the artificial joint, nerve or blood vessel damage, allergic reactions to implant materials, and persistent pain or stiffness.

Cerebrovascular surgery is performed to address various conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord. Common conditions include cerebral aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), carotid artery disease, and intracranial stenosis.

Like any major surgery, cerebrovascular surgery carries certain risks. These can include infection, bleeding, neurological deficits, anesthesia-related complications, and blood clots.

Recovery from cerebrovascular surgery involves initial hospital care, where patients are monitored for complications such as infections and bleeding. Rehabilitation is often required, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy, depending on the patient's needs. Lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation, are crucial for preventing recurrence of cerebrovascular issues.

Peripheral nerve surgery can address a variety of conditions, including traumatic nerve injuries, entrapment neuropathies, peripheral nerve tumors, chronic pain conditions, and congenital nerve anomalies.

Recovery from peripheral nerve surgery involves several phases, including initial wound healing, pain management, and gradual rehabilitation. Patients may need to wear splints or braces to protect the surgical site and limit movement.

Risks include infection, nerve damage, scarring, blood clots, and complications related to anesthesia.

Neuro-ophthalmologists specialize in diagnosing and treating visual disorders related to the nervous system. This includes conditions such as optic neuritis, papilledema, cranial nerve palsies, brain tumors, strokes, myasthenia gravis, and thyroid eye disease.

During a neuro-ophthalmology evaluation, you will undergo a comprehensive assessment that includes a detailed medical history, a thorough eye examination, and a neurological evaluation.

Neuro-ophthalmology treatments aim to address the root cause of visual disorders related to neurological conditions. By accurately diagnosing and treating these conditions, neuro-ophthalmologists can restore visual function, alleviate symptoms such as pain and double vision, and prevent further vision loss.

Retinal surgeries include vitrectomy, laser surgery, pneumatic retinopexy, and scleral buckling.

Postoperative recovery involves several important steps. Patients may need to maintain specific head positions, especially if a gas bubble was used, to ensure proper healing. It's crucial to avoid strenuous activities and heavy lifting.

While retinal surgery is generally safe, potential complications can include cataract development, infection (such as endophthalmitis), retinal detachment recurrence, vitreous hemorrhage, elevated intraocular pressure, and macular pucker.

A lobectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of one of the lobes of the lung.

This surgery is commonly performed to treat various lung conditions, including lung cancer, benign lung tumors, lung abscesses, emphysema, and certain infections like tuberculosis and fungal infections.

Complications can include infections (such as pneumonia), prolonged air leaks, collapsed lung (pneumothorax), bleeding, pleural effusion (fluid accumulation between the lung and chest wall), heart complications (like irregular heartbeats or heart attack), and pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs).

An esophagectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of all or part of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach.

This surgery is primarily performed to treat esophageal cancer, but it can also be indicated for other severe conditions such as Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia, achalasia, and severe trauma to the esophagus.

There are several approaches to performing an esophagectomy, including Transhiatal Esophagectomy, Transthoracic Esophagectomy & Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (MIE).

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a surgical procedure designed to improve breathing in patients with severe emphysema, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The surgery involves removing the most damaged parts of the lungs, typically the upper lobes, to allow the remaining healthier lung tissue to function more effectively. This can enhance lung elasticity, reduce shortness of breath, and improve the patient's ability to exercise.

Common risks include prolonged air leaks, where the lung does not seal properly after surgery, leading to air escaping into the chest cavity. Infections, such as pneumonia, and surgical site infections are also concerns. Bleeding during or after the procedure can occur due to the highly vascular nature of lung tissue.

The most common types of uterine procedures include Endometrial Ablation, Hysterectomy, Myomectomy, Oophorectomy and Salpingectomy.

Uterine procedures, while generally safe, do carry certain risks. These can include Infection, Bleeding, Injury to Nearby Organs, Anesthesia Complications, Hormonal Changes and Scar Tissue Formation.

Recovery is typically quick, with most women returning to normal activities within a few days, though avoiding strenuous activities and sexual intercourse for at least a week is advised.

During laparoscopic surgery, a small incision is made in the abdomen to insert a laparoscope and other instruments to cut, tie, or seal the fallopian tubes. Mini-laparotomy involves a small incision above the pubic hairline, while hysteroscopic sterilization uses a hysteroscope inserted through the vagina and cervix to place implants inside the fallopian tubes.

Tubal ligation reversal is possible, but it is a complex, expensive procedure that is not always successful. The reversal process involves reconnecting the blocked or cut segments of the fallopian tubes to restore fertility.

Risks include infection, bleeding, damage to surrounding organs, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. There is also a small risk of failure, where the tubes may naturally reconnect, leading to an unintended pregnancy, which could be ectopic.

Pelvic floor reconstruction surgery is a procedure designed to restore strength and integrity to the pelvic floor by addressing prolapsed organs. This can involve reconstructing the supporting layers of the pelvis or removing the affected organ.

Patients may experience some pain immediately after surgery, but this typically subsides within a few days or weeks.

Success rates for pelvic floor surgery can range from 80-90%. However, there is a chance of recurrence or additional prolapse, so it's important to follow post-surgery recommendations to minimize complications.

Diagnosing nephrological diseases typically involves a variety of tests to assess kidney function and structure such as Blood Tests, Urine Tests, Imaging Studies and Kidney Biopsy.

Preparing for diagnostic tests involves several steps to ensure accurate results including fasting, hydration, medication adjustments, and following your providers instructions.

A kidney biopsy is a procedure used to obtain a small sample of kidney tissue for examination.

A partial nephrectomy involves the surgical removal of only the affected portion of the kidney, preserving as much healthy kidney tissue as possible. In contrast, a radical nephrectomy entails the complete removal of the kidney, along with surrounding tissues, such as the adrenal gland, fatty tissue, and nearby lymph nodes if required.

Like any major surgery, nephrectomy carries certain risks and potential complications including Infection, Bleeding, Injury to surrounding organs, Blood clots, Postoperative pain as well as Kidney function issues.

The recovery time after nephrectomy varies depending on the type of surgery performed (open, laparoscopic, or robot-assisted) and the patient's overall health.

Pyeloplasty involves reconstructing the junction to remove the obstruction and restore normal urine flow, alleviating symptoms and preventing kidney damage.

Pyeloplasty can be performed using several surgical techniques, including Open Pyeloplasty, Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty and Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty.

Patients should maintain a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and proper hydration. Avoiding smoking and limiting harmful substances is important to protect kidney function.

Bladder surgery encompasses a variety of procedures aimed at diagnosing, treating, and managing conditions affecting the bladder. Some common types include Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT), Cystectomy, Bladder Augmentation and bladder Diverticulectomy.

Like any surgery, bladder surgery carries risks such as Infection, Bleeding, Anesthesia Complications, Urinary Issue, Scarring and Adhesion Formation.

Undergo a thorough medical assessment, including blood and urine tests, imaging studies, and a review of your medical history. Inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements you are taking. Adopt a healthy lifestyle by eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. And follow your provided guideline.

Urethral surgery is typically performed to treat urethral strictures, which are narrowing or blockages caused by scar tissue, trauma, infections, or congenital conditions.

Recovery from urethral surgery involves a short hospital stay for monitoring, followed by a period of rest at home. Patients usually have a urinary catheter in place for 2 to 3 weeks to support healing.

The benefits of urethral surgery include the restoration of normal urinary function, relief from symptoms such as difficulty urinating and urinary retention, and prevention of further complications like recurrent infections and kidney damage.

This procedure helps doctors diagnose and evaluate conditions such as blockages, narrowing, aneurysms, and other vascular abnormalities. It is commonly used to diagnose coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and other cardiovascular conditions.

During angiography, a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, after the area is numbed with local anesthesia. The procedure typically takes between 30 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the complexity and the area being examined.

While angiography is generally safe, it carries certain risks, such as bleeding or bruising at the catheter insertion site, allergic reactions to the contrast dye, and kidney damage, particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions.

Aortic surgery is necessary when there are conditions such as aortic aneurysms (bulging or weakened walls of the aorta), aortic dissections (tears in the inner layer of the aorta), severe aortic valve disease, or certain congenital heart defects.

Recovery from aortic surgery involves a stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring immediately after the procedure. Patients typically experience some pain and discomfort, which can be managed with medications. Gradual mobilization and physical therapy are important to promote healing and prevent complications.

While aortic surgery is a life-saving procedure, it carries certain risks, including bleeding, infection, organ damage (such as kidney injury or stroke), cardiac complications (like heart attack or arrhythmias), and blood clot formation. There is also a risk of complications related to the synthetic graft or valve used in the surgery, such as leaks or degeneration over time.

Arrhythmia surgeries include catheter ablation, surgical ablation, and the implantation of devices like pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs).

Recovery from arrhythmia surgery varies depending on the specific procedure. Patients typically spend a short time in the hospital for monitoring. Post-surgery, activity is limited to allow healing. Light exercises like walking are encouraged to promote circulation.

Arrhythmia surgery carries risks such as bleeding, infection, cardiac complications (heart attack or heart failure), and blood clot formation. Damage to the heart or surrounding structures is possible during the procedure.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) that often require surgical repair include atrial septal defects (ASDs), ventricular septal defects (VSDs), Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries (TGA), coarctation of the aorta, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).

Immediately after surgery, patients are typically monitored in an intensive care unit (ICU) for close observation. Pain management, wound care, and activity restrictions are important aspects of the recovery process. Patients may gradually resume light activities as healing progresses, and regular follow-up appointments are essential to monitor the heart's function and ensure proper recovery.

While congenital heart defect repair is often necessary to improve heart function and overall health, it carries certain risks. These include bleeding, infection, cardiac complications (such as arrhythmias or heart failure), blood clot formation, and damage to the heart or surrounding structures.

Common heart valve repair techniques include: Annuloplasty, Leaflet Repair and Valvuloplasty. These techniques aim to restore the valve's normal function, improve blood flow, and preserve the patient's natural valve.

Recovery from heart valve repair involves a hospital stay, typically a few days to a week, depending on the type of surgery. Initially, patients are monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU) for close observation. Pain management, wound care, and gradual resumption of light activities are essential aspects of recovery.

While heart valve repair offers significant benefits, it also carries certain risks, including: Bleeding, Infection, Cardiac Complications, Blood Clot Formation, and Anesthesia-Related Risks.

A pacemaker is a small device that helps regulate the heart's rhythm by delivering electrical impulses to stimulate the heart to beat at a normal rate. The pulse generator monitors the heart's electrical activity and, when it detects a slow or irregular heartbeat, sends electrical impulses through the leads to prompt the heart to contract.

Pacemakers are used to treat several heart rhythm disorders, including Bradycardia, Heart Block, Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS), Atrial Fibrillation with Slow Ventricular Response, & Heart Failure.

Recovery from pacemaker surgery involves a period of careful monitoring and gradual resumption of normal activities. Immediately after the procedure, patients are observed in the hospital for a few hours to a day to ensure there are no complications.

This procedure is primarily performed to treat appendicitis, which is the inflammation and infection of the appendix. Appendicitis can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

There are two main types of appendectomy procedures: In an open appendectomy, the surgeon makes a single, larger incision in the lower right side of the abdomen to access and remove the appendix; In a laparoscopic appendectomy, the surgeon makes several small incisions and uses a laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera and light) to view the abdominal cavity and remove the appendix.

Recovery from an appendectomy involves a hospital stay, typically for a few days, during which patients are monitored for signs of infection or complications. Pain management, wound care, and gradual resumption of light activities are essential aspects of recovery.

This procedure is primarily performed to treat gallstones, which are solid particles that form from bile cholesterol and bilirubin. Gallstones can cause significant pain and complications, such as inflammation (cholecystitis), infection, and blockage of the bile ducts.

There are two main types of cholecystectomy procedures. In a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen and uses a laparoscope to view the internal organs and remove the gallbladder. In an open cholecystectomy, the surgeon makes a larger incision in the upper right side of the abdomen to directly access and remove the gallbladder.

Most patients who undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy can go home the same day or after an overnight stay, while those who have open surgery may require a longer hospital stay. At home, patients should follow their healthcare provider's instructions regarding wound care, activity restrictions, and diet modifications.

A colectomy is typically performed to treat various serious medical conditions affecting the colon, such as colorectal cancer, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and severe bowel obstructions.

There are different types of colectomy procedures depending on the extent of the colon that needs to be removed. A total colectomy involves removing the entire colon, whereas a partial colectomy involves removing only the affected portion of the colon.

Recovery from a colectomy involves several key steps. Most patients who undergo a laparoscopic colectomy can go home the same day or after an overnight stay, while those who have open surgery may require a longer hospital stay. At home, patients should follow their healthcare provider's instructions regarding wound care, activity restrictions, and diet modifications.

A gastrectomy is commonly performed to treat various conditions affecting the stomach, including stomach cancer, severe peptic ulcers, and non-cancerous growths like polyps. It is also used in certain cases of obesity as a weight-loss surgery.

There are several types of gastrectomy procedures depending on the extent of the stomach that needs to be removed. A total gastrectomy involves removing the entire stomach, while a partial gastrectomy involves removing only a portion of the stomach. A sleeve gastrectomy, often performed as a weight-loss surgery, involves removing a large part of the stomach, leaving behind a narrow, tube-shaped section.

Patients typically stay in the hospital for a few days to ensure proper monitoring and management of pain. Initially, they may be restricted to a clear liquid diet, gradually progressing to more substantial foods as tolerated. Nutritional adjustments are necessary, and small, frequent meals become essential to accommodate the reduced stomach size.

Signs that you may need hernia repair surgery include persistent pain or discomfort at the site of the hernia, a noticeable bulge that does not go away when lying down, or difficulty performing daily activities due to the hernia.

The recovery time for hernia repair surgery varies depending on the type of surgery performed (open, laparoscopic, or robotic-assisted), the size and location of the hernia, and the patient's overall health. Generally, patients can return to light activities within a few days to a week after surgery.

While hernia repair surgery is generally safe, there are potential risks and complications. These may include infection, bleeding, chronic pain or discomfort, hernia recurrence, and damage to surrounding structures such as blood vessels, nerves, or organs.

Common reasons for a splenectomy include trauma resulting in a ruptured spleen, blood disorders such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and hereditary spherocytosis, certain cancers like lymphoma, and an enlarged spleen causing discomfort or other complications.

Like any surgical procedure, a splenectomy carries certain risks and potential complications such as infection, bleeding, blood clots, reaction to anesthesia and damage to the nearby organs.

Recovery time from a splenectomy can vary depending on whether the procedure was performed as an open surgery or a minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery.

Acne is primarily caused by the overproduction of sebum (oil) by sebaceous glands, which can clog hair follicles along with dead skin cells.

Preventing acne involves maintaining a consistent skincare routine, which includes gentle cleansing twice daily, exfoliating to remove dead skin cells, and using non-comedogenic products. It's also important to avoid touching your face frequently, manage stress, and maintain a balanced diet.

Common treatments include over-the-counter topical medications with ingredients like benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid, prescription topical treatments such as retinoids and antibiotics, and oral medications like antibiotics, hormonal therapies, and isotretinoin for severe cases.

Common symptoms include dry, sensitive skin, intense itching, red or brownish-gray patches, thickened, cracked, or scaly skin, & raw, sensitive, and swollen skin from scratching.

Eczema flare-ups can be triggered by a variety of factors, including environmental factors, irritants, weather, stress, diet, and clothing.

Eczema treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing flare-ups including moisturizers and emollients, topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, oral antihistamines, systemic treatments, non-pharmacological approaches, and lifestyle modifications.

Symptoms of psoriasis vary depending on the type but commonly include red, inflamed plaques covered with silvery scales, itching, burning or stinging sensations, and dry or cracked skin that may bleed. It can also affect the nails, causing pitting, discoloration, and separation from the nail bed.

Psoriasis flare-ups can be triggered by a variety of factors, including stress, infections (such as strep throat), skin injuries (cuts, burns, or insect bites), and certain medications (such as lithium, beta-blockers, and antimalarials). Lifestyle factors like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity can also contribute to the severity of psoriasis.

Psoriasis is treated through a combination of topical treatments, phototherapy, systemic medications, and lifestyle changes.

Warts are caused by HPV, which is highly contagious and can spread through direct contact with an infected person or by touching contaminated surfaces, such as towels, shoes, or floors. Warts can also spread to other parts of the body if scratched or picked.

There are several types of warts, such as Common warts (Verruca Vulgaris), Plantar warts (Verruca Plantaris), Flat warts (Verruca Plana), Filiform warts (Verruca Filiformis), and Genital warts (Condyloma Acuminata).

Warts often disappear on their own, but several treatment options are available to remove them faster. Over-the-counter treatments like salicylic acid can dissolve wart tissue, while cryotherapy (freezing), laser therapy, and minor surgical procedures are available for more persistent warts.

Melasma is caused by the overproduction of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Several factors can trigger this overproduction, including sun exposure, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy), genetic predisposition, and the use of certain medications and skincare products. Sun exposure is one of the most significant triggers, as ultraviolet (UV) rays stimulate melanocytes (the cells that produce melanin) to increase pigment production.

Preventing melasma involves a combination of sun protection and lifestyle modifications such as using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF (30 or higher) daily, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding peak sun hours.

While there is no definitive cure for melasma, it can be effectively managed with appropriate treatment and preventive measures. Treatments may include topical creams (such as hydroquinone, retinoids, and azelaic acid), chemical peels, laser and light therapies, and microneedling.

The exact cause of hemangiomas is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors that influence blood vessel formation during fetal development.

Most hemangiomas do not require treatment and tend to regress on their own over time without causing significant issues. However, treatment may be necessary if the hemangioma is causing complications, such as interfering with vital functions, becoming painful or ulcerated, or leading to significant cosmetic concerns.

There is currently no known way to prevent the development of hemangiomas, as their exact cause is not fully understood. Hemangiomas are generally not inherited and occur sporadically, meaning they can affect any infant regardless of family history or other risk factors.

A mastoidectomy is primarily performed to treat chronic ear infections, mastoiditis (infection of the mastoid bone), and cholesteatomas (noncancerous growths made up of skin cells and other debris).

There are several types of mastoidectomy procedures, each tailored to the specific needs of the patient including Simple or cortical mastoidectomy, Radical mastoidectomy, Modified radical mastoidectomy, Canal-wall-up mastoidectomy, and Canal-wall-down mastoidectomy.

Recovery from a mastoidectomy typically involves several weeks to months, depending on the individual's condition and the extent of the surgery. Patients are advised to keep the surgical site clean and dry, avoid activities that increase pressure in the ear (such as heavy lifting and straining), and attend follow-up appointments to monitor healing.